Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Explained: The Emotional Rollercoaster

Bipolar disorder is a complex mood disorder that typically begins during young adulthood and is characterized by extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). Most often, individuals with bipolar experience episodes of high or low mood which last from several days to several weeks, but occasionally some will have brief, rapid shifts between emotional highs and lows or may even experience symptoms of both at the same time. Understanding the symptoms is crucial for identifying and managing this mood disorder effectively. In this article, we will explore the various symptoms associated with bipolar disorder.

Everyday Experiences with Bipolar Disorder Symptoms

What might bipolar disorder look like? Consider these example scenarios that describe the contrasting, sometimes confusing nature of the manic and depressive phases of bipolar disorder:

• A family calling for help in the middle of the night because their loved one has been up for two days, angry, restless, and pacing around.
• A roommate who is worried because their friend hasn't gotten out of bed for days, showing no energy or motivation.
• An individual who exhibits rapid and expansive speech, jumping from one topic to another.
• A friend or loved one who appears worn out yet talks about their ambitious goals that seem incredibly unrealistic

Bipolar Disorder Symptoms During Manic and Hypomanic Phases

Symptoms that occur in manic phases include:

• Decreased need for sleep
• Increased energy and activity levels
• Elevated or irritable mood
• Racing thoughts
• Pressured speech
• Engaging in potentially dangerous behaviors¹

Symptoms that occur in hypomanic phases include:

• Similar to manic phases but less severe
• Symptoms do not cause significant impairment in functioning¹

Symptoms that occur in depressive phases include:

• Severely dysphoric mood
• Anhedonia (loss of interest in pleasurable activities)
• Irritability
• Sleep disruption
• Trouble concentrating
• Feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness¹

Mixed States of Bipolar Disorder Symptoms and Cycling

While less common, bipolar disorder can also present in mixed states, where manic and depressive symptoms occur simultaneously or alternate rapidly. These phases can be particularly distressing and may last from weeks to months or even years.

Challenges in Diagnosis

Bipolar disorder is often misdiagnosed as depression because individuals are more likely to seek help themselves during depressive episodes. Many individuals with bipolar feel at their best when their mood and energy are high and fail to recognize the negative impact of these symptoms. Family members or loved ones, however, may have concerns about the individual's symptoms during manic or hypomanic episodes. Therefore, healthcare providers must inquire about any history of manic or hypomanic behavior when a patient reports a depressed mood. Accurate diagnosis is crucial because treatment approaches differ significantly between depression and bipolar disorder.

Treatment and Management

The good news is that bipolar disorder is manageable with the right treatment plan. A comprehensive approach includes pharmacological treatments such as mood stabilizers, anticonvulsants, antipsychotics, or anxiolytics. Additionally, combining these with psychotherapy such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and support from family and friends can significantly improve outcomes.^2,3

Bipolar disorder is a complex and often misunderstood condition. Recognizing and understanding the symptoms is crucial for proper diagnosis and effective management. Through a combination of pharmacological treatments, cognitive-behavioral therapy, lifestyle changes, and strong support systems, individuals with bipolar disorder can lead fulfilling and productive lives. Early diagnosis and comprehensive treatment plans are key to managing this challenging disorder effectively. If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of bipolar disorder, seek professional help to ensure the best possible care.

Sources:

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787
2. What are bipolar disorders?. Psychiatry.org - What Are Bipolar Disorders? (2024, April). https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/bipolar-disorders/what-are-bipolar-disorders
3. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2024, February). Bipolar disorder. National Institute of Mental Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder